世界贸易组织(WTO)裁定,美国根据《通胀削减法案》(IRA)为本国清洁能源制造业提供的投资税收抵免(ITC)和生产税收抵免(PTC)违反了《1994年关税与贸易总协定》(GATT 1994)的多项条款。GATT 1994是旨在通过降低关税和其他壁垒来促进公平贸易的WTO框架。
裁决认为,美国将额外补贴与“美国制造”商品挂钩,在销售、分销和使用方面对中国产品给予了不利于其的待遇,相较本国产品构成歧视。
WTO文件指出,在美国于2025年7月通过《One Big Beautiful Bill Act》(OBBBA)终止“清洁车辆税收抵免”计划后,中国撤回了针对两项争议措施之一的申诉。本次裁决具体适用于ITC和PTC的“国内成分奖励抵免”。
中国于2024年3月请求WTO审查ITC和PTC的合法性。
该案件发生之际,WTO正面临更广泛的制度性危机。其主要争端解决机构——上诉机构自2019年以来因美国在特朗普和拜登两届政府时期阻止法官任命而陷入瘫痪。随着现有法官任期届满且无新任命获批,该体系无法受理上诉,实际上削弱了WTO裁决的执行力。
“专家组的裁决可以上诉,但实际上是上诉到一个‘空无一物的空间’,”能源与环境法专家Anatole Boute近日对《pv magazine》表示。“这使争端解决程序陷入瘫痪,因为没有上诉机制,争端无法最终解决,裁决也无法得到执行。”
尽管WTO体系持续受阻,中国仍于去年12月就印度对其光伏行业的补贴问题向该国际组织提起申诉。中国政府称,这些措施违反了多项WTO义务,包括约束性关税和国民待遇原则,并构成进口替代型补贴。
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